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icing

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adarqui:
studies related to icing for injuries, recovery, etc.

adarqui:
http://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/Abstract/2013/05000/Topical_Cooling__Icing__Delays_Recovery_From.24.aspx

Topical Cooling (Icing) Delays Recovery From Eccentric Exercise–Induced Muscle Damage

Tseng, Ching-Yu1; Lee, Jo-Ping2; Tsai, Yung-Shen2; Lee, Shin-Da3; Kao, Chung-Lan4; Liu, Te-Chih2; Lai, Cheng- Hsiu2; Harris, M. Brennan5; Kuo, Chia-Hua1,3

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--- Quote ---Abstract: Tseng, C-Y, Lee, J-P, Tsai, Y-S, Lee, S-D, Kao, C-L, Liu, T-C, Lai, C-S, Harris, MB, and Kuo, C-H. Topical Cooling (Icing) Delays Recovery From Eccentric Exercise–Induced Muscle Damage. J Strength Cond Res 27(5): 1354–1361, 2013—It is generally thought that topical cooling can interfere with blood perfusion and may have positive effects on recovery from a traumatic challenge. This study examined the influence of topical cooling on muscle damage markers and hemodynamic changes during recovery from eccentric exercise. Eleven male subjects (age 20.2 ± 0.3 years) performed 6 sets of elbow extension at 85% maximum voluntary load and randomly assigned to topical cooling or sham groups during recovery in a randomized crossover fashion. Cold packs were applied to exercised muscle for 15 minutes at 0, 3, 24, 48, and 72 hours after exercise. The exercise significantly elevated circulating creatine kinase-MB isoform (CK-MB) and myoglobin levels. Unexpectedly, greater elevations in circulating CK-MB and myoglobin above the control level were noted in the cooling trial during 48–72 hours of the post-exercise recovery period. Subjective fatigue feeling was greater at 72 hours after topical cooling compared with controls. Removal of the cold pack also led to a protracted rebound in muscle hemoglobin concentration compared with controls. Measures of interleukin (IL)-8, IL-10, IL-1β, and muscle strength during recovery were not influenced by cooling. A peak shift in IL-12p70 was noted during recovery with topical cooling. These data suggest that topical cooling, a commonly used clinical intervention, seems to not improve but rather delay recovery from eccentric exercise–induced muscle damage.
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adarqui:
http://www.fasebj.org/content/29/1_Supplement/826.5.short

The Effects of Topical Icing After Contusion Injury on Angiogenesis in Regenerating Skeletal Muscle
Jonathan Peake1, Daniel Singh1, Zohreh Barani Lonbani1, Mia Woodruff1 and Roland Steck1
+ Author Affiliations

1Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Australia
Abstract


--- Quote ---We investigated the effects of topical icing after muscle contusion injury on angiogenesis in regenerating skeletal muscle. Male Wistar rats were subjected to contusion injury by dropping a cylindrical-shaped weight (370 g) on the biceps femoris muscle of one leg. Within 5 min after injury, a block of ice (contained within a paper cup) was applied to the skin surrounding the muscle for 20 min. Control groups received no ice treatment. The rats were euthanized at 1, 3, 7 and 28 days post-injury (n=24 per time point). In 12 rats in each group, a punch biopsy (diameter: 8 mm) was taken from the region of injury and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin. Tissue sections (5 μm) were then mounted on glass slides for immunohistochemical analysis of CD68+ macrophages, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and von Willebrand's factor (vWF). After euthanasia, the others rats in each group were flushed with heparinized saline, and then perfused with a radio-opaque contrast agent using an infusion pump. Muscle biopsies were also collected from these rats, and analyzed to determine blood vessel volume and number using high resolution micro computed tomography. Macrophage numbers were lower at all time points, VEGF expression and vessel number were lower at 3 days and vWF expression and vessel volume were lower at 3 and 7 days post-injury in the icing group versus the non-icing group (p<0.05). By contrast, VEGF expression and vessel number were higher at 28 days post-injury in the icing group versus the non-icing group (p<0.05). In conclusion, topical icing suppressed inflammation but also delayed angiogenesis in regenerating muscle. These findings challenge the practice of using ice to treat muscle injuries.
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adarqui:
http://www.e-jot.com/article/S2214-031X(14)00016-3/abstract

Cryotherapy suppresses tendon inflammation in an animal model

Summary
Cryotherapy (or cold treatment) has been a popular treatment to relieve pain caused by injuries to tissues such as tendons. However, the exact mechanisms behind the beneficial effects of cryotherapy in tendons remain largely unclear. As prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is known to be a major mediator of acute inflammation in tissues, which is related to tissue pain, we hypothesized that the beneficial effects of cryotherapy in tendons are mediated by downregulation of PGE2 levels. To test this hypothesis, we applied cold treatment to mouse patellar and Achilles tendons using two animal models: exhaustive mouse treadmill running and acute mouse tendon injury by needle penetration. We then measured the levels of PGE2 and protein expression levels of COX-2, an enzyme responsible for PGE2 production in tissues, under both experimental conditions. We found that treadmill running increased PGE2 levels in both patellar and Achilles tendons compared to control mice without running. Cold treatment for 30 min after treadmill running was sufficient to reduce PGE2 levels to near baseline control levels in both tendons. An extension of cold treatment to 60 min resulted only in a marginal decrease in patellar tendons, but a marked decrease in Achilles tendons. Moreover, COX-2 protein levels in both tendons were also lowered by cold treatment, suggesting that the reduction of PGE2 levels in tendons by cold treatment is at least in part due to the decreased COX-2 expression. Similarly, in the acutely injured tendons, 30 min of cold treatment after needle penetration reduced PGE2 levels when compared to the controls at room temperature (22°C). This decrease was sustained up to at least 3 h after the administration of cryotherapy. Given that PGE2 is a known pain sensitiser, the results of this study suggest that the ability of cold treatment to reduce pain may be attributable to its ability to decrease PGE2 production in tendons[/quote]

adarqui:
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/S00421-013-2693-9

Effect of cryotherapy on muscle recovery and inflammation following a bout of damaging exercise


--- Quote ---Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of cryotherapy on the inflammatory response to muscle-damaging exercise using a randomized trial. Twenty recreationally active males completed a 40-min run at a −10 % grade to induce muscle damage. Ten of the subjects were immersed in a 5 °C ice bath for 20 min and the other ten served as controls. Knee extensor peak torque, soreness rating, and thigh circumference were obtained pre- and post-run, and 1, 6, 24, 48, and 72 h post-run. Blood samples were obtained pre- and post-run, and 1, 6 and 24 h post-run for assay of plasma chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2). Peak torque decreased from 270 ± 57 Nm at baseline to 253 ± 65 Nm post-run and increased to 295 ± 68 Nm by 72 h post-run with no differences between groups (p = 0.491). Soreness rating increased from 3.6 ± 6.0 mm out of 100 mm at baseline to 47.4 ± 28.2 mm post-run and remained elevated at all time points with no differences between groups (p = 0.696). CCL2 concentrations increased from 116 ± 31 pg mL−1 at baseline to 293 ± 109 pg mL−1 at 6 h post-run (control) and from 100 ± 27 pg mL−1 at baseline to 208 ± 71 pg mL−1 at 6 h post-run (cryotherapy). The difference between groups was not significant (p = 0.116), but there was a trend for lower CCL2 in the cryotherapy group at 6 h (p = 0.102), though this measure was highly variable. In conclusion, 20 min of cryotherapy was ineffective in attenuating the strength decrement and soreness seen after muscle-damaging exercise, but may have mitigated the rise in plasma CCL2 concentration. These results do not support the use of cryotherapy during recovery.
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