Adarq.org
Performance Area => Peer Reviewed Studies Discussion => Topic started by: adarqui on June 04, 2009, 07:39:19 pm
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All conclusions of studies will be listed in this original post (TABLE OF SUMMARIES) for quick reference.
This is a very interesting subject, that I believe highly in. Post any studies related to mental training & it's effect on strength & performance.
1. From mental power to muscle power—gaining strength by using the mind
The improvement in muscle strength for trained groups was accompanied by significant increases in electroencephalogram-derived cortical potential, a measure previously shown to be directly related to control of voluntary muscle contractions. We conclude that the mental training employed by this study enhances the cortical output signal, which drives the muscles to a higher activation level and increases strength.
2. Strength increases from the motor program: comparison of training with maximal voluntary and imagined muscle contractions
Together these results indicate that training-induced changes of synergist and antagonist muscle activation patterns may have contributed to force increases in some of the subjects. 7. Strength increases can be achieved without repeated muscle activation. These force gains appear to result from practice effects on central motor programming/planning. The results of these experiments add to existing evidence for the neural origin of strength increases that occur before muscle hypertrophy.
3. Can Mental Practice Increase Ankle Dorsiflexor Torque?
Differences in raw torque production after training in the 2 practice groups resulted in significant percentages of improvement for the physical practice group (25.28%) and the mental practice group (17.13%), but not for the control group (–1.77%). The 2 practice groups were not statistically different in their maximal torque-generating capacity after training.
4. Mind, muscles and motoneurones
Mental imagery of exercise helps performance but the way in which it works is multifactional: it evokes muscle contraction sufficient to activate muscle receptors. Furthermore, it is possible for subjects to focus specifically on control of particular muscles even without feedback from them.
5. Effects of imagery motor training on torque production of ankle plantar flexor muscles
The results of this study show that imagery training of lower leg muscles significantly increased voluntary torque production of the ankle plantar-flexor muscles and that the force increase was not due to nonspecific motivational effects.
6. Effects of pretest stimulative and sedative music on grip strength.
showed that participants (N = 50) evidenced higher grip strength after listening to stimulative music (M = 43.94 kg.force) than after sedative music or a white noise control condition. Sedative music yielded lower scores than white noise.
7. The effects of synchronous music on 400-m sprint performance
This finding supported the first research hypothesis, that synchronous music would result in better performance than a no-music control, but not the second hypothesis, that performance in the motivational synchronous music condition would be better than that in the oudeterous condition. It appears that synchronous music can be applied to anaerobic endurance performance among non-elite sportspersons with a considerable positive effect.
8. Does mental practice enhance performance?
A meta-analysis of the literature on mental practice was conducted to determine the effect of mental practice on performance and to identify conditions under which mental practice is most effective. Results indicate that mental practice has a positive and significant effect on performance, and the effectiveness of mental practice is moderated by the type of task, the retention interval between practice and performance, and the length or duration of the mental practice intervention.
9. The effects of positive and negative imagery on motor skill performance
An investigation was carried out into the effect of imagery instructions on a simple motor skill accuracy task (putting a golf ball). Thirty college students were blocked on their putting ability and randomly assigned within blocks to one of three experimental conditions: (a) positive imagery, (b) negative imagery, and (c) control. Subjects in the two imagery conditions were given the identical instructions for imagining the backswing and putting stroke. In the positive imagery group, subjects imagined the ball going into the cup, while subjects using negative imagery visualized the ball narrowly missing the cup. Subjects in the control group putted without instructions. On each of 6 consecutive days a 10-putt trial was conducted for each subject. There was a significant main effect on performance improvement for the experimental manipulation. Post hoc analyses showed significant differences among all groups, with positive imagery producing the most improvement, the control condition producing less, and negative imagery resulting in performance deterioration. Results are discussed in relation to the existing literature, and future research directions are delineated.
10. Using Motor Imagery in the Rehabilitation of Hemiparesis , Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Volume 84, Issue 7, Pages 1090-1092
A motor imagery training program consisting of imagined wrist movements (extension, pronation-supination) and mental simulations of reaching and object manipulation making use of a mirror box apparatus. Twelve 1-hour experimental sessions were delivered, 3 times a week for 4 consecutive weeks. Performance of the paretic limb improved after the imagery intervention, indicated by increases in assessment scores and functionality and decreases in movement times. The improvements over baseline performance remained stable over a 3-month period.
11. Improvement and generalization of arm motor performance through motor imagery practice
These findings put forward the idea that mental training facilitates motor learning and allows its partial transfer to nearby workspaces. They further suggest that motor prediction, a common process during both actual and imagined movements, is a fundamental operation for both sensorimotor control and learning.
12. Muscular responses during motor imagery as a function of muscle contraction types
Thirty right-handed volunteers were asked to lift or to imagine lifting a weighted dumbbell using different types of muscle contraction, i.e. heavy concentric, light concentric, isometric and eccentric contractions.Especially, the imagined eccentric condition elicited a significant weaker muscular activity than all other conditions. In addition, the changes in the EMG pattern mirrored those usually observed during physical movement. These findings support the hypotheses of a selective effect of MI at the level of muscular activity and of incomplete inhibition of the motor command during MI.
13. Does motor imagery enhance stretching and flexibility?
The imagery training programme resulted in selective increased flexibility, independently of the stretching method. Overall, the improvement in flexibility was greater in the imagery group than in the control group for the front split (F1,18 = 4.9, P = 0.04), the hamstrings (F1,18 = 5.2, P = 0.035), and the ankle stretching exercises (F1,18 = 5.6, P = 0.03). There was no difference in shoulders and side-split flexibility (F1,18 = 0.1, P = 0.73 and F1,18 = 3.3, P = 0.08 respectively). Finally, there was no correlation between individual imagery ability and improvement in flexibility. Psychological and physiological effects of motor imagery could explain the increase in range of motion, suggesting that imagery enhances joint flexibility during both active and passive stretching.
14. The mind of expert motor performance is cool and focused
Extraordinary motor skills required for expert athletic or music performance require longstanding and intensive practice leading to two critical skills, a level of maximal performance that far exceeds that of non-experts and a degree of privileged focus on motor performance that excludes intrusions. This study of motor planning in expert golfers demonstrated their brain activation during their pre-shot routine to be radically different than in novices. The posterior cingulate, the amygdala–forebrain complex, and the basal ganglia were active only in novices, whereas experts had activation primarily in the superior parietal lobule, the dorsal lateral premotor area, and the occipital area. The fact that these differences are apparent before the golfer swings the club suggests that the disparity between the quality of the performance of novice and expert golfers lies at the level of the organization of neural networks during motor planning. In particular, we suggest that extensive practice over a long period of time leads experts to develop a focused and efficient organization of task-related neural networks, whereas novices have difficulty filtering out irrelevant information.
15. Passion and performance attainment in sport
Furthermore, results differentially linked the two passions to achievement goals and subjective well-being (SWB). Specifically, harmonious passion was a positive predictor of mastery goal pursuit and SWB, whereas obsessive passion was a positive predictor of mastery, performance-approach, and performance-avoidance goal pursuit and was unrelated to SWB. Mastery goals were positive predictors of deliberate practice, which was a direct positive predictor of performance, whereas performance-avoidance goals were direct negative predictors of performance.
16. Imaging motor imagery: Methodological issues related to expertise
It is suggested that MI is more about the neurobiology of the development of motor skills that have already been learned, but not perfected, than it is about learning motor skills de novo.
17. The embodied nature of motor imagery: the influence of posture and perspective
Thus, proprioceptive information on actual body posture is more relevant for 1PP imagery processes. Results support the embodied nature of 1PP imagery and indicate possible applications in athletic training or rehabilitation.
18. Mental Imagery Inflates Performance Expectations but not Actual Performance of a Novel and Challenging Motor Task
However, imagery practice did not benefit performance as only the physical practice group performed better on the balance task compared to control.
19. Effects of Synchronous Music on 400-Metre Sprint Performance
This finding supported the first research hypothesis, that synchronous music would result in better performance than a no-music control, but not the second hypothesis, that performance in the motivational synchronous music condition would be better than that in the oudeterous condition. It appears that synchronous music can be applied to anaerobic endurance performance among non-elite sportspersons with a considerable positive effect.
20. Effects of Music on Work-Rate Distribution During a Cycling Time Trial
These results suggest that music improves cycling speed mostly in the first few minutes of a 10-km time trial. In contrast to the findings of previous research, which suggested that music lowers perceived exertion at a constant work-rate, the participants in our time trials selected higher work-rates with music, whilst at the same time perceived these work-rates as being harder than without music.
21. The effect of motivational and relaxation music on aerobic performance, rating perceived exertion and salivary cortisol in athlete males
Based on the findings,
aerobic performance during the motivational music conditions was significantly higher than the relaxation and no music treatment. Furthermore, RPE and cortisol concentration significantly were lowered five minutes after exercise for relaxation music conditions than motivational music and no music conditions. But there were no significant differences in salivary cortisol concentrations at 30 minutes after exercise between three groups.
22. Difference In Wingate Power Output In Response To Music As Motivation:
Results indicated a significant difference in anaerobic performance when using motivational music. Peak power, average power, overall anaerobic power, and the drop in power over time were all significantly different (p<.01) than when music was not used. Performance was significantly better in all categories when motivational music was present (p<.01).
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From mental power to muscle power—gaining strength by using the mind
Abstract
The purposes of this project were to determine mental training-induced strength gains (without performing physical exercises) in the little finger abductor as well as in the elbow flexor muscles, which are frequently used during daily living, and to quantify cortical signals that mediate maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) of the two muscle groups. Thirty young, healthy volunteers participated in the study. The first group (N=8) was trained to perform “mental contractions” of little finger abduction (ABD); the second group (N=8) performed mental contractions of elbow (ELB) flexion; and the third group (N=8) was not trained but participated in all measurements and served as a control group. Finally, six volunteers performed training of physical maximal finger abductions. Training lasted for 12 weeks (15 min per day, 5 days per week). At the end of training, we found that the ABD group had increased their finger abduction strength by 35% (P<0.005) and the ELB group augmented their elbow flexion strength by 13.5% (P<0.001). The physical training group increased the finger abduction strength by 53% (P<0.01). The control group showed no significant changes in strength for either finger abduction or elbow flexion tasks. The improvement in muscle strength for trained groups was accompanied by significant increases in electroencephalogram-derived cortical potential, a measure previously shown to be directly related to control of voluntary muscle contractions. We conclude that the mental training employed by this study enhances the cortical output signal, which drives the muscles to a higher activation level and increases strength.
Strength increases from the motor program: comparison of training with maximal voluntary and imagined muscle contractions
1. This study addressed potential neural mechanisms of the strength increase that occur before muscle hypertrophy. In particular we examined whether such strength increases may result from training-induced changes in voluntary motor programs. We compared the maximal voluntary force production after a training program of repetitive maximal isometric muscle contractions with force output after a training program that did not involve repetitive activation of muscle; that is, after mental training. 2. Subjects trained their left hypothenar muscles for 4 wk, five sessions per week. One group produced repeated maximal isometric contractions of the abductor muscles of the fifth digit's metacarpophalangeal joint. A second group imagined producing these same, effortful isometric contractions. A third group did not train their fifth digit. Maximal abduction force, flexion/extension force and electrically evoked twitch force (abduction) of the fifth digit were measured along with maximal integrated electromyograms (EMG) of the hypothenar muscles from both hands before and after training. 3. Average abduction force of the left fifth digit increased 22% for the Imagining group and 30% for the Contraction group. The mean increase for the Control group was 3.7%. 4. The maximal abduction force of the right (untrained) fifth digit increased significantly in both the Imagining and Contraction groups after training (10 and 14%, respectively), but not in the Control group (2.3%). These results are consistent with previous studies of training effects on contralateral limbs. 5. The abduction twitch force evoked by supramaximal electrical stimulations of the ulnar nerve was unchanged in all three groups after training, consistent with an absence of muscle hypertrophy. The maximal force of the left great toe extensors for individual subjects remained unchanged after training, which argues against strength increases due to general increases in effort level. 6. Increases in abduction and flexion forces of the fifth digit were poorly correlated in subjects of both training groups. The fifth finger abduction force and the hypothenar integrated EMG increases were not well correlated in these subjects either. Together these results indicate that training-induced changes of synergist and antagonist muscle activation patterns may have contributed to force increases in some of the subjects. 7. Strength increases can be achieved without repeated muscle activation. These force gains appear to result from practice effects on central motor programming/planning. The results of these experiments add to existing evidence for the neural origin of strength increases that occur before muscle hypertrophy.
Can Mental Practice Increase Ankle Dorsiflexor Torque?
Ben Sidaway and Amy (Robinson) Trzaska
Background and Purpose. Mental practice has been shown to be effective in increasing the force production of the abductor digiti minimi muscle in the hand. The aim of this study was to determine whether mental practice could produce strength gains in the larger ankle dorsiflexor muscles, which are important during walking. Subjects. Twenty-four subjects were randomly assigned to a physical practice group, a mental practice group, or a control group (8 subjects per group). Methods. In the practice groups, subjects either physically or mentally practiced producing maximal isometric contractions for 3 sets of 10 repetitions, 3 times per week for 4 weeks. Changes in mean peak isometric torque normalized to body weight and the resulting percentage of improvement were analyzed across the 3 groups. Results. Differences in raw torque production after training in the 2 practice groups resulted in significant percentages of improvement for the physical practice group (25.28%) and the mental practice group (17.13%), but not for the control group (–1.77%). The 2 practice groups were not statistically different in their maximal torque-generating capacity after training. Discussion and Conclusion. These findings show that mental practice in people without impairments can lead to an increase in torque production similar to that produced by physical practice. Such a technique may prove to be a useful adjunct to traditional treatment options aimed at increasing muscle strength.
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nvm bad post
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nvm bad post
your first post was a bad one, good job ;)
Mind, muscles and motoneurones
Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, Volume 2, Issue 3, Pages 167-180
S.GANDEVIA
This review considers some of the adaptations which take place in the central nervous system to allow optimal performance of the musculoskeletal system for the smallest to the largest “efforts”. Mental imagery of exercise helps performance but the way in which it works is multifactional: it evokes muscle contraction sufficient to activate muscle receptors. Furthermore, it is possible for subjects to focus specifically on control of particular muscles even without feedback from them. On the other hand maximal voluntary efforts, at least in isometric and in concentric contractions, can drive the motoneurones sufficiently to ensure full force production by the muscle. Many neural factors contribute to maintain force output during repetitive activity, including a feedback loop whereby increased central command during fatigue acts to enhance muscle perfusion. As peripheral muscle fatigue develops, changes occur in the excitability of the motor cortex. Recent evidence suggests that “central” factors leading to reduced drive to muscles in isometric contractions act “upstream” of motor cortical output.
Effects of imagery motor training on torque production of ankle plantar flexor muscles
The aim of this study was to investigate in control subjects the effect of imagery training on the torque of plantar-flexor muscles of the ankle. Twenty-nine subjects were allocated to one of three groups that performed either imagery training, low-intensity strength training, or no training (only measurements). The low-intensity training served as an attention control group. Plantar-flexor torques were measured before, during, directly after, and 4 weeks after the training period. At the end of a 7-week training program, significant differences were observed between the maximal voluntary torque production of the imagery training group (136.3 ± 21.8% of pretraining torque) vs. the low-intensity training group (112.9 ± 29.0%; P < 0.02) and the control group (113.6 ± 19.2%; P < 0.02). The results of this study show that imagery training of lower leg muscles significantly increased voluntary torque production of the ankle plantar-flexor muscles and that the force increase was not due to nonspecific motivational effects. Such muscle strengthening effects might be beneficial in rehabilitation for improving or maintaining muscle torque after immobilization. Muscle Nerve 28: 168-173, 2003
Effects of pretest stimulative and sedative music on grip strength.
Karageorghis CI, Drew KM, Terry PC.
School of Physical Education and Sport, Brunel University College, UK. karageor_c@wlihe.ac.uk
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of stimulative (energizing) and sedative (relaxing) music on grip strength. A 2 x 3 (gender x condition) repeated-measures analysis of variance and post hoc tests showed that participants (N = 50) evidenced higher grip strength after listening to stimulative music (M = 43.94 kg.force) than after sedative music or a white noise control condition. Sedative music yielded lower scores than white noise. Men evidenced higher grip strength than women, but there was no interaction between gender and music condition. It was concluded that a simple motoric task such as grip strength provides a sensitive measure of psychophysical responses to music.
The effects of synchronous music on 400-m sprint performance
The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of motivating and oudeterous (neither motivating nor demotivating) synchronous music on 400-m sprint performance while controlling for the potential confound of pre-performance mood. A panel of volunteer Caucasian males (n = 20; mean age = 20.5 years, s = 1.2) rated the motivational qualities of 32 musical selections using the Brunel Music Rating Inventory-2. An experimental group of volunteer Caucasian males (n = 36; mean age = 20.4 years, s = 1.4) completed three 400-m time trials under conditions of motivational music, oudeterous music, and a no-music control. Pre-performance mood was assessed using the Brunel University Mood Scale (BRUMS). A series of repeated-measures analyses of variance with Bonferroni adjustment revealed no differences in the BRUMS subscales. A repeated-measures analysis of variance on the 400-m times showed a significant effect (F1.24, 42.19 = 10.54, P < 0.001, ?2 = 0.24) and follow-up pair wise comparisons revealed differences between the synchronous music conditions and the control condition. This finding supported the first research hypothesis, that synchronous music would result in better performance than a no-music control, but not the second hypothesis, that performance in the motivational synchronous music condition would be better than that in the oudeterous condition. It appears that synchronous music can be applied to anaerobic endurance performance among non-elite sportspersons with a considerable positive effect.
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Does mental practice enhance performance?.
By Driskell, James E.; Copper, Carolyn; Moran, Aidan
Journal of Applied Psychology. Vol 79(4), Aug 1994, 481-492.
Abstract
Mental practice is the cognitive rehearsal of a task prior to performance. Although most researchers contend that mental practice is an effective means of enhancing performance, a clear consensus is precluded because (1) mental practice is often defined so loosely as to include almost any type of mental preparation and (2) empirical results are inconclusive. A meta-analysis of the literature on mental practice was conducted to determine the effect of mental practice on performance and to identify conditions under which mental practice is most effective. Results indicate that mental practice has a positive and significant effect on performance, and the effectiveness of mental practice is moderated by the type of task, the retention interval between practice and performance, and the length or duration of the mental practice intervention.
The effects of positive and negative imagery on motor skill performance
Robert L. Woolfolk1, Mark W. Parrish2 and Shane M. Murphy3
(1) Rutgers University, USA
(2) Princeton University, USA
(3) Rutgers University, USA
Abstract An investigation was carried out into the effect of imagery instructions on a simple motor skill accuracy task (putting a golf ball). Thirty college students were blocked on their putting ability and randomly assigned within blocks to one of three experimental conditions: (a) positive imagery, (b) negative imagery, and (c) control. Subjects in the two imagery conditions were given the identical instructions for imagining the backswing and putting stroke. In the positive imagery group, subjects imagined the ball going into the cup, while subjects using negative imagery visualized the ball narrowly missing the cup. Subjects in the control group putted without instructions. On each of 6 consecutive days a 10-putt trial was conducted for each subject. There was a significant main effect on performance improvement for the experimental manipulation. Post hoc analyses showed significant differences among all groups, with positive imagery producing the most improvement, the control condition producing less, and negative imagery resulting in performance deterioration. Results are discussed in relation to the existing literature, and future research directions are delineated.
Using Motor Imagery in the Rehabilitation of Hemiparesis ,
Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Volume 84, Issue 7, Pages 1090-1092
Abstract
Stevens JA, Phillips Stoykov ME. Using motor imagery in the rehabilitation of hemiparesis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003;84:1090-2.
Objective:
To examine the effectiveness of using motor imagery training in the rehabilitation of hemiparesis.
Design:
A before-after trial with clinical and behavioral analyses of single cases.
Setting:
Academic-affiliated rehabilitation hospital.
Participants:
Two survivors of embolic middle cerebral artery stroke that resulted in chronic hemiparesis.
Intervention:
A motor imagery training program consisting of imagined wrist movements (extension, pronation-supination) and mental simulations of reaching and object manipulation making use of a mirror box apparatus. Twelve 1-hour experimental sessions were delivered, 3 times a week for 4 consecutive weeks.
Main Outcome Measures:
Two clinical assessments, grip strength, 4 wrist functionality measurements, and 3 timed performance tests. All outcome measures were recorded before training began, at 3 times during the intervention month, with 2 additional long-term measurements.
Results:
Performance of the paretic limb improved after the imagery intervention, indicated by increases in assessment scores and functionality and decreases in movement times. The improvements over baseline performance remained stable over a 3-month period.
Conclusions:
These results demonstrate the potential for using motor imagery as a cognitive strategy for functional recovery from hemiparesis. The intervention targets the cognitive level of action processing while its effects may be realized in overt behavioral performance.
Improvement and generalization of arm motor performance through motor imagery practice
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R. Gentili, C. PapaxanthisCorresponding Author Contact Information, E-mail The Corresponding Author and T. Pozzo
INSERM/ERM207 Motricité-Plasticité, Université de Bourgogne, U.F.R S.T.A.P.S, Campus Universitaire, B.P. 27877, 21078 Dijon, France
Accepted 7 October 2005.
Available online 9 December 2005.
Abstract
This study compares the improvement and generalization of arm motor performance after physical or mental training in a motor task requiring a speed-accuracy tradeoff. During the pre- and post-training sessions, 40 subjects pointed with their right arm as accurately and as fast as possible toward targets placed in the frontal plane. Arm movements were performed in two different workspaces called right and left paths. During the training sessions, which included only the right path, subjects were divided into four training groups (n=10): (i) the physical group, subjects overtly performed the task; (ii) the mental group, subjects imagined themselves performing the task; (iii) the active control group, subjects performed eye movements through the targets, (iv) the passive control group, subjects did not receive any specific training. We recorded movement duration, peak acceleration and electromyographic signals from arm muscles. Our findings showed that after both physical and mental training on the right path (training path), hand movement duration and peak acceleration respectively decreased and increased for this path. However, motor performance improvement was greater after physical compared with mental practice. Interestingly, we also observed a partial learning generalization, namely an enhancement of motor performance for the left path (non-training path). The amount of this generalization was roughly similar for the physical and mental groups. Furthermore, while arm muscle activity progressively increased during the training period for the physical group, the activity of the same muscles for the mental group was unchanged and comparable with that of the rest condition. Control groups did not exhibit any improvement. These findings put forward the idea that mental training facilitates motor learning and allows its partial transfer to nearby workspaces. They further suggest that motor prediction, a common process during both actual and imagined movements, is a fundamental operation for both sensorimotor control and learning.
Muscular responses during motor imagery as a function of muscle contraction types
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A. Guillota, Corresponding Author Contact Information, E-mail The Corresponding Author, F. Lebona, D. Rouffeta, S. Champelya, J. Doyonb and C. Colleta
aUniversité de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, EA 647, Centre de Recherche et d'Innovation sur le Sport (C.R.I.S.), 27-29 boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
bFunctional Neuroimaging Unit, University of Montreal Geriatric Institute, Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, 4565, Queen-Mary Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3W 1W5
Received 8 March 2007;
accepted 22 May 2007.
Available online 29 May 2007.
Abstract
This study was designed to gain more insight into the mechanisms underlying motor imagery (MI). While there is ample evidence that motor performance and MI share common central neural mechanisms, the question whether MI is accompanied by subliminal electromyographic (EMG) activity remained unsolved. Thirty right-handed volunteers were asked to lift or to imagine lifting a weighted dumbbell using different types of muscle contraction, i.e. heavy concentric, light concentric, isometric and eccentric contractions. EMG activity from 9 muscles of the dominant arm (agonist, antagonist, synergist and fixator muscles) was monitored. Autonomic nervous system responses were also recorded on the non-dominant hand, thus attesting mental activity at the peripheral level. A significant increased pattern of EMG activity was recorded in all muscles during MI, when compared to the rest condition, while the goniometric data did not reveal any movement. Although being subliminal, the magnitude of this activation was found to be correlated to the mental effort required to lift a weight mentally, as more EMG activity was recorded during imaginary lifting of heavy than light concentric contractions. When considering the different types of contraction, our results provided evidence of selective changes in EMG activity. Especially, the imagined eccentric condition elicited a significant weaker muscular activity than all other conditions. In addition, the changes in the EMG pattern mirrored those usually observed during physical movement. These findings support the hypotheses of a selective effect of MI at the level of muscular activity and of incomplete inhibition of the motor command during MI.
Does motor imagery enhance stretching and flexibility?
Authors: Aymeric Guillot a; Coralie Tolleron a; Christian Collet a
Affiliation: a Centre de Recherche et d'Innovation sur le Sport, Universiteacute Claude Bernard - Lyon 1, Lyon, France
DOI: 10.1080/02640410903473828
Publication Frequency: 14 issues per year
Published in: journal Journal of Sports Sciences, Volume 28, Issue 3 February 2010 , pages 291 - 298
First Published on: 12 January 2010
Subject: Sport & Exercise Science;
Formats available: HTML (English) : PDF (English)
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Abstract
Although several studies have demonstrated that motor imagery can enhance learning processes and improve motor performance, little is known about its effect on stretching and flexibility. The increased active and passive range of motion reported in preliminary research has not been shown to be elicited by motor imagery training alone. We thus compared flexibility scores in 21 synchronized swimmers before and after a 5-week mental practice programme that included five stretching exercises in active and passive conditions. The imagery training programme resulted in selective increased flexibility, independently of the stretching method. Overall, the improvement in flexibility was greater in the imagery group than in the control group for the front split (F1,18 = 4.9, P = 0.04), the hamstrings (F1,18 = 5.2, P = 0.035), and the ankle stretching exercises (F1,18 = 5.6, P = 0.03). There was no difference in shoulders and side-split flexibility (F1,18 = 0.1, P = 0.73 and F1,18 = 3.3, P = 0.08 respectively). Finally, there was no correlation between individual imagery ability and improvement in flexibility. Psychological and physiological effects of motor imagery could explain the increase in range of motion, suggesting that imagery enhances joint flexibility during both active and passive stretching.
The mind of expert motor performance is cool and focused
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John MiltonCorresponding Author Contact Information, a, E-mail The Corresponding Author, E-mail The Corresponding Author, Ana Solodkina, Petr Hluštík1, a and Steven L. Smalla
aDepartment of Neurology and Brain Research Imaging Center, The University of Chicago, IL, USA
Received 12 July 2006;
revised 20 December 2006;
accepted 4 January 2007.
Available online 23 January 2007.
Abstract
Extraordinary motor skills required for expert athletic or music performance require longstanding and intensive practice leading to two critical skills, a level of maximal performance that far exceeds that of non-experts and a degree of privileged focus on motor performance that excludes intrusions. This study of motor planning in expert golfers demonstrated their brain activation during their pre-shot routine to be radically different than in novices. The posterior cingulate, the amygdala–forebrain complex, and the basal ganglia were active only in novices, whereas experts had activation primarily in the superior parietal lobule, the dorsal lateral premotor area, and the occipital area. The fact that these differences are apparent before the golfer swings the club suggests that the disparity between the quality of the performance of novice and expert golfers lies at the level of the organization of neural networks during motor planning. In particular, we suggest that extensive practice over a long period of time leads experts to develop a focused and efficient organization of task-related neural networks, whereas novices have difficulty filtering out irrelevant information.
Passion and performance attainment in sport
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Robert J. Valleranda, Corresponding Author Contact Information, E-mail The Corresponding Author, Geneviève A. Mageauc, Andrew J. Elliotb, Alexandre Dumaisc, Marc-André Demersd and François Rousseaue
aLaboratoire de Recherche sur le Comportement Social, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Que., Canada
bUniversity of Rochester, NY, USA
cUniversité de Montréal, Montréal, Que., Canada
dUniversité du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Que., Canada
eConcordia University, Montréal, Que., Canada
Received 16 September 2006;
revised 7 May 2007;
accepted 22 May 2007.
Available online 31 May 2007.
Abstract
Objectives
To test a performance-attainment model derived from the Dualistic Model of Passion [Vallerand et al. (2003). Les passions de l’âme: On obsessive and harmonious passion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 756–767] that posits that both harmonious and obsessive passions are positive predictors of deliberate practice that, in turn, is a positive predictor of performance.
Design
A prospective design was used in the present study.
Methods and results
The basic model was tested in two studies using structural equation modeling. Results from Study 1 with 184 high school basketball players indicated that both harmonious and obsessive passions were positive predictors of deliberate practice, which, in turn, was a positive predictor of objective performance. The results of Study 2, conducted with 67 synchronized swimming and water-polo athletes conceptually replicated those from Study 1. Furthermore, results differentially linked the two passions to achievement goals and subjective well-being (SWB). Specifically, harmonious passion was a positive predictor of mastery goal pursuit and SWB, whereas obsessive passion was a positive predictor of mastery, performance-approach, and performance-avoidance goal pursuit and was unrelated to SWB. Mastery goals were positive predictors of deliberate practice, which was a direct positive predictor of performance, whereas performance-avoidance goals were direct negative predictors of performance.
Conclusions
It appears that there are two paths to high-level performance attainment in sport, depending if harmonious or obsessive passion underlies sport engagement. While the path from harmonious passion is conducive to high levels of performance and living a happy life, that from obsessive passion is less reliably related to performance attainment and is unrelated to happiness.
Effect of Imagined Movement Speed on Subsequent Motor Performance
Magali Louis A1, Aymeric Guillot A1, Sylvain Maton A1, Julien Doyon A2, Christian Collet A1
A1 Centre de Recherche et d'Innovation sur le Sport, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Lyon, France
A2 Unité de Neuroimagerie Fonctionnelle, Institut Universitaire de Gériatric de Montréal, departement de psychologie, Université de Montreal, Québec, Canada
Abstract:
Researchers realize that motor imagery (MI) duration is closely linked to actual motor action duration. In 2 experiments, the authors investigated the effect of changing MI speed on actual movement duration over a 3-week training period. Experiment 1 involved 2 series of body movements that 24 participants mentally performed faster or slower than their actual execution speeds. The fast MI group's actual times decreased on subsequent performance. Participants in Experiment 2 were 21 skilled athletes who increased (decreased) their well-rehearsed actual movement times after MI training at a slow (fast) speed. The effect was taskrelated, however: MI affected only self-initiated movement. The effect of MI on actual speed execution supports the ideomotor theory because anticipation of sensory consequences of actions is mentally represented.
Visual versus kinesthetic mental imagery: Efficacy for the retention and transfer of a closed motor skill in young children.
By Taktek, Khaled; Zinsser, Nathaniel; St-John, Bob
Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale. Vol 62(3), Sep 2008, 174-187.
Abstract
The main purposes of this study were (a) to compare the effects of mental imagery combined with physical practise and specific physical practise on the retention and transfer of a closed motor skill in young children; (b) to determine the mental imagery (visual vs. kinesthetic), which is the most efficient for retention and transfer of a closed motor skill; and (c) to verify the relationship between movement image vividness and motor performance. As for the secondary purpose, it was to compare the effects of gender on motor learning. Participants (n = 96) were selected from 3 primary schools. These participants were divided into 6 groups and submitted to different experimental conditions. The experimental task required the participants to throw, with the nondominant hand (left hand), a ball toward a target composed of 3 concentric circles. The results demonstrated that performance obtained by the mental imagery (visual or kinesthetic) combined with physical practise group was, during the retention phase, equivalent to that produced by the specific physical practise group but significantly superior during the transfer of closed motor skill. These results showed the potential benefits of mental imagery as a retention strategy intended for motor skills and performance enhancement. Such results could be explained by the similarity of 3 principal functional evidences shared by mental and physical practise: behavioural, central, and peripheral (as suggested by Holmes & Collins, 2001). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
The Effects Of Motor Imagery On Performance Of A Motor Task: 2249: Board #137 May 28 2:00 PM - 3:30 PM
Hale, Brendon S.; Raglin, Jack S. FACSM; Koceja, David M.
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1Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS. 2Indiana University, Bloomington, IN.
(No relationships reported)
Mental imagery of a motor task has been hypothesized to improve performance in physical activities. It has been suggested mental imagery engages the motor system and activates the cortex during motor imagery positively influencing performance.
PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of mental imagery practice on the performance of a motor task.
METHODS: 25 adult participants (M = 22.8 years, SD = 5.4; 15 females, 10 males) were examined. Participants mentally imagined a plantar flexion movement of the right foot at two intensities: 20 and 60% of maximum voluntary contraction upon completion of a series of practice trials at these intensities. Five control subjects completed the entire testing protocol but did not perform mental imagery. The subject data was analyzed by calculating the absolute, variable, and constant error scores after conversion into Ft\Lbs.
RESULTS: Absolute error (AE) scores for the experimental group in practice were 0.98 Ft\Lbs in the 20% and 1.43 Ft\Lbs in the 60% condition. AE scores for the control group were 1.35 Ft\Lbs in the 20% and 1.88 Ft\Lbs in the 60% condition. Post- imagery performance AE scores were 2.29 Ft\Lbs in the 20% and 1.39 Ft\Lbs in the 60% condition. Control group post scores were 2.78 Ft\Lbs in the 20% and 1.88 Ft\Lbs in the 60% condition. Variable error (VE) scores for the experimental group in practice were 4.61 Ft\Lbs in the 20% and 12.75 Ft\Lbs in the 60% condition. VE scores for the control group were 6.19 Ft\Lbs in the 20% and 15.71 Ft\Lbs in the 60% condition. Post-imagery VE scores were 5.74 Ft\Lbs in the 20% and 13.05 Ft\Lbs in the 60% condition. The control group post scores were 8.1 Ft\Lbs in the 20% and 16.5 Ft\Lbs in the 60% condition. Constant error (CE) scores for the experimental group in practice were 0.9 Ft\Lbs in the 20% and -1.31 Ft\Lbs in the 60% condition. CE scores for the control group were 1.35Ft\Lbs in the 20% and -1.65 Ft\Lbs in the 60% condition. Post-imagery CE scores were 2.21 Ft\Lbs in the 20% and 0.34 Ft\Lbs in the 60% condition. The control group post scores were 2.78 Ft\Lbs in the 20% and -0.6 Ft\Lbs in the 60% condition.
CONCLUSION: Imagery practice in the current study did not influence the accuracy of sub-maximal contractions at either the 20% or 60% MVC conditions, nor was there a reduction in the measures of error following imagery practice.
Imaging motor imagery: Methodological issues related to expertisestar, open
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John Miltona, Corresponding Author Contact Information, E-mail The Corresponding Author, Steven L. Smallb and Ana Solodkinb
aJoint Science Department, The Claremont Colleges, 925 North Mills Avenue, Claremont, CA 91711, USA
bDepartment of Neurology, The University of Chicago, USA
Accepted 15 May 2008.
Available online 2 June 2008.
Abstract
Mental imagery (MI) is the mental rehearsal of movements without overt execution. Brain imaging techniques have made it possible to identify the brain regions that are activated during MI and, for voluntary motor tasks involving hand and finger movements, to make direct comparison with those areas activated during actual movement. However, the fact that brain activation differs for different types of imagery (visual or kinetic) and depends on the skill level of the individual (e.g., novice or elite athlete) raises a number of important methodological issues for the design of brain imaging protocols to study MI. These include instructing the subject concerning the type of imagery to use, objective measurement of skill level, the design of motor tasks sufficiently difficult to produce a range of skill levels, the effect of different environments on skill level (including the imaging device), and so on. It is suggested that MI is more about the neurobiology of the development of motor skills that have already been learned, but not perfected, than it is about learning motor skills de novo.
The embodied nature of motor imagery: the influence of posture and perspective
Journal Experimental Brain Research
Publisher Springer Berlin / Heidelberg
ISSN 0014-4819 (Print) 1432-1106 (Online)
Issue Volume 194, Number 2 / April, 2009
Category Research Article
DOI 10.1007/s00221-008-1693-1
Pages 233-243
Subject Collection Biomedical and Life Sciences
SpringerLink Date Tuesday, January 13, 2009
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Research Article
The embodied nature of motor imagery: the influence of posture and perspective
Britta Lorey1, 2 Contact Information, Matthias Bischoff1, 2, Sebastian Pilgramm1, 2, Rudolf Stark2, Jörn Munzert1 and Karen Zentgraf1, 2
(1) Institute for Sports Science, University of Giessen, Kugelberg 62, 35394 Giessen, Germany
(2) Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, University of Giessen, Otto-Behagel-Str. 10 H, 35394 Giessen, Germany
Received: 1 September 2008 Accepted: 11 December 2008 Published online: 13 January 2009
Abstract It is assumed that imagining oneself from a first-person perspective (1PP) is more embodied than a third-person perspective (3PP). Therefore, 1PP imagery should lead to more activity in motor and motor-related structures, and the postural configuration of one’s own body should be particularly relevant in 1PP simulation. The present study investigated whether proprioceptive information on hand position is integrated similarly in 1PP and 3PP imagery of hand movements. During functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning, 20 right-handed female college students watched video sequences of different hand movements with their right hand in a compatible versus incompatible posture and subsequently performed 1PP or 3PP imagery of the movement. Results showed stronger activation in left hemisphere motor and motor-related structures, especially the inferior parietal lobe, on 1PP compared with 3PP trials. Activation in the left inferior parietal lobe (parietal operculum, SII) and the insula was stronger in 1PP trials with compatible compared with incompatible posture. Thus, proprioceptive information on actual body posture is more relevant for 1PP imagery processes. Results support the embodied nature of 1PP imagery and indicate possible applications in athletic training or rehabilitation
Cognitive motor processes: The role of motor imagery in the study of motor representations
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Jörn Munzerta, Corresponding Author Contact Information, E-mail The Corresponding Author, Britta Loreya, b and Karen Zentgrafa, b
aUniversity of Giessen, Germany, Department of Psychology and Sport Science, Institute for Sport Science, Kugelberg 62, 35394 Giessen, Germany
bBender Institute of Neuroimaging, University of Giessen, Otto-Behaghel-Str. 10H, 35394 Gießen, Germany
Accepted 31 December 2008.
Available online 7 January 2009.
Abstract
Motor imagery is viewed as a window to cognitive motor processes and particularly to motor control. Mental simulation theory [Jeannerod, M., 2001. Neural simulation of action: a unifying mechanism for motor cognition. NeuroImage 14, 103–109] stresses that cognitive motor processes such as motor imagery and action observation share the same representations as motor execution. This article presents an overview of motor imagery studies in cognitive psychology and neuroscience that support and extend predictions from mental simulation theory. In general, behavioral data as well as fMRI and TMS data demonstrate that motor areas in the brain play an important role in motor imagery. After discussing results on a close overlap between mental and actual performance durations, the review focuses specifically on studies reporting an activation of primary motor cortex during motor imagery. This focus is extended to studies on motor imagery in patients. Motor imagery is also analyzed in more applied fields such as mental training procedures in patients and athletes. These findings support the notion that mental training procedures can be applied as a therapeutic tool in rehabilitation and in applications for power training.
Imagination, Cognition and Personality
Issue: Volume 28, Number 4 / 2008-2009
Pages: 331 - 347
URL: Linking Options
Mental Imagery Inflates Performance Expectations but not Actual Performance of a Novel and Challenging Motor Task
Richard Ramsey A1, Jennifer Cumming A2, Martin G. Edwards A2
A1 University of Nottingham
A2 University of Birmingham
Abstract:
The current study re-examined the "estimation inflation" effect previously found with performance estimates of motor skills. After viewing a demonstration of a balancing task, 54 participants performed either physical practice, imagery practice, or no practice (n = 18 per group). Self-efficacy ratings were obtained regarding perceived ability to perform the task before and after a test phase where actual performance was measured. Prior to the test phase, the imagery group reported significantly higher levels of self-efficacy compared to the physical practice group. However, imagery practice did not benefit performance as only the physical practice group performed better on the balance task compared to control. Thus, imagery practice and physical practice produced dissociable effects on performance estimates and actual performance. Furthermore, inflated performance expectations elicited through imagery disappeared following the test phase. These results provide further evidence that short bouts of imagery can inflate expectations, but not actual performance of a novel motor task. Once individuals gained authentic experience of the task, the initial misjudgement about performance was replaced with more realistic expectations. Therefore, creating overly optimistic expectations of ability did not hamper future expectations once authentic experience was gained.
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Effects of Synchronous Music on 400-Metre Sprint Performance
Authors: Simpson, S D
Karageorghis, C I
Keywords: Speed endurance, rhythm, pacing, tempo.
Issue Date: 2005
Publisher: Taylor and Francis Ltd
Citation: Journal of Sports Sciences, Volume 24, Number 10, October 2006 , pp. 1095-1102(8)
Abstract: The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of motivating and oudeterous (neither motivating nor demotivating) synchronous music on 400-m sprint performance while controlling for the potential confound of pre-performance mood. A panel of volunteer Caucasian males ( n = 20; mean age = 20.5 years, s = 1.2) rated the motivational qualities of 32 musical selections using the Brunel Music Rating Inventory-2. An experimental group of volunteer Caucasian males ( n = 36; mean age = 20.4 years, s = 1.4) completed three 400-m time trials under conditions of motivational music, oudeterous music, and a no-music control. Pre-performance mood was assessed using the Brunel University Mood Scale (BRUMS). A series of repeated-measures analyses of variance with Bonferroni adjustment revealed no differences in the BRUMS subscales. A repeated-measures analysis of variance on the 400-m times showed a significant effect ( F 1.24, 42.19 = 10.54, P 2 = 0.24) and follow-up pair wise comparisons revealed differences between the synchronous music conditions and the control condition. This finding supported the first research hypothesis, that synchronous music would result in better performance than a no-music control, but not the second hypothesis, that performance in the motivational synchronous music condition would be better than that in the oudeterous condition. It appears that synchronous music can be applied to anaerobic endurance performance among non-elite sportspersons with a considerable positive effect.
Effects of Music on Work-Rate Distribution During a Cycling Time Trial
G. Atkinson1, D. Wilson2, M. Eubank2
1 School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
2 Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
Abstract
Previous research work on the ergogenic effects of music has mainly involved constant power tests to exhaustion as dependent variables. Time trials are more externally valid than constant power tests, may be more reliable and allow the distribution of self-selected work-rate to be explored. We examined whether music improved starting, finishing and/or overall power during a 10-km cycling time trial, and whether heart rate and subjective responses to this time trial were altered by music. Sixteen participants performed two 10-km time trials on a Cybex cycle ergometer with, and without, the presence of a form of dance music known as “trance” (tempo = 142 beats × min-1, volume at ear = 87 dB). Participants also completed the Brunel music rating inventory (BMRI) after each time trial in the music condition. The mean ± SD time to complete the time trial was 1030 ± 79 s in the music condition compared to 1052 ± 77 s without music (95 % CI of difference = 10 to 34 s, p = 0.001). Nevertheless, ratings of perceived exertion were consistently (0.8 units) higher throughout the time trial with music (p < 0.0005). The interaction between distance and condition was significant for cycling speed measured during the time trial (p = 0.007). The largest music-induced increases in cycling speed and heart rate were observed in the first 3 km of the time trial. After completion of the BMRI, participants rated the “tempo” and “rhythm” of the music as more motivating than the “harmony” and “melody” aspects. These results suggest that music improves cycling speed mostly in the first few minutes of a 10-km time trial. In contrast to the findings of previous research, which suggested that music lowers perceived exertion at a constant work-rate, the participants in our time trials selected higher work-rates with music, whilst at the same time perceived these work-rates as being harder than without music.
The effect of motivational and relaxation music on aerobic performance, rating perceived exertion and salivary cortisol in athlete males
M Ghaderi, R Rahimi, M Ali Azarbayjani
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of motivational and relaxation music on aerobic performance, rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and salivary cortisol (SC) concentration in trained men. Thirty male physical education college students (ages: 25.66±3.89 yr, height: 176.65±7.66 cm, weight: 78.45±16.20 kg, body fat percent: 12.86±5.74) voluntarily participated in this study and divided to three groups:
motivational music, relaxation music, and no music. All subjects run to exhaustion with 80-85 percent of maximal heart rate on the treadmill. For measuring of cortisol, not stimulated samples of saliva collected, 15 minutes before and five and 30 minutes after the exercise. RPE was obtained every five minutes during exercise. Based on the findings,
aerobic performance during the motivational music conditions was significantly higher than the relaxation and no music treatment. Furthermore, RPE and cortisol concentration significantly were lowered five minutes after exercise for relaxation music conditions than motivational music and no music conditions. But there were no significant differences in salivary cortisol concentrations at 30 minutes after exercise between three groups. In conclusion, music would result in better aerobic performance
and decreased RPE than no-music condition, but aerobic performance in motivational music was better than relaxation music. However, relaxation music decreased cortisol concentration greater than motivational music. This study provided some support for the hypothesis that listening relaxation music reduces physiological and psychological arousal during aerobic performance. In addition, motivational music can be applied to
endurance performance non-elite athletes with a considerable positive effect.
Difference In Wingate Power Output In Response To Music As Motivation: 2759: Board #153 May 29 3:30 PM - 5:00 PM
Brooks, Kristal; Brooks, Kelly; Brooks, William D.
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1University of West Georgia, Carrollton, GA.2Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA.
(Sponsor: Jeff Chandler, FACSM)
Email: kbrooks32@hotmail.com
(No relationships reported)
INTRODUCTION: Wingate testing while using music to enhance performance has produced mixed results in past studies. The effect of motivational music on anaerobic power is unclear.
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to test Wingate performance with the presence of music as a motivational tool, and without the presence of music. The study aimed to identify if music played a significant rols in performance enhancement.
METHODS: Subjects were randomized into two groups. The two groups were composed of a "music first“ trial group and a "music last“ trial group, as the testing order was counterbalanced between groups. Subjects were tested with or without music, according to randomized groups. Music was deemed motivational by the Brunel Music Rating Inventory.
RESULTS: Results indicated a significant difference in anaerobic performance when using motivational music. Peak power, average power, overall anaerobic power, and the drop in power over time were all significantly different (p<.01) than when music was not used. Performance was significantly better in all categories when motivational music was present (p<.01). The order in which the music was played (during the first trial or the second trial) did not have a significant difference on performance.
CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that motivational music has a positive impact on anaerobic performance during a Wingate test. This can translate into a possible increase in anaerobic sports performance. Future studies may look at unmotivational music and performance, or at the application of using music during anaerobic conditioning.
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From mental power to muscle power—gaining strength by using the mind
Abstract
The purposes of this project were to determine mental training-induced strength gains (without performing physical exercises) in the little finger abductor as well as in the elbow flexor muscles, which are frequently used during daily living, and to quantify cortical signals that mediate maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) of the two muscle groups. Thirty young, healthy volunteers participated in the study. The first group (N=8) was trained to perform “mental contractions” of little finger abduction (ABD); the second group (N=8) performed mental contractions of elbow (ELB) flexion; and the third group (N=8) was not trained but participated in all measurements and served as a control group. Finally, six volunteers performed training of physical maximal finger abductions. Training lasted for 12 weeks (15 min per day, 5 days per week). At the end of training, we found that the ABD group had increased their finger abduction strength by 35% (P<0.005) and the ELB group augmented their elbow flexion strength by 13.5% (P<0.001). The physical training group increased the finger abduction strength by 53% (P<0.01). The control group showed no significant changes in strength for either finger abduction or elbow flexion tasks. The improvement in muscle strength for trained groups was accompanied by significant increases in electroencephalogram-derived cortical potential, a measure previously shown to be directly related to control of voluntary muscle contractions. We conclude that the mental training employed by this study enhances the cortical output signal, which drives the muscles to a higher activation level and increases strength.
Strength increases from the motor program: comparison of training with maximal voluntary and imagined muscle contractions
1. This study addressed potential neural mechanisms of the strength increase that occur before muscle hypertrophy. In particular we examined whether such strength increases may result from training-induced changes in voluntary motor programs. We compared the maximal voluntary force production after a training program of repetitive maximal isometric muscle contractions with force output after a training program that did not involve repetitive activation of muscle; that is, after mental training. 2. Subjects trained their left hypothenar muscles for 4 wk, five sessions per week. One group produced repeated maximal isometric contractions of the abductor muscles of the fifth digit's metacarpophalangeal joint. A second group imagined producing these same, effortful isometric contractions. A third group did not train their fifth digit. Maximal abduction force, flexion/extension force and electrically evoked twitch force (abduction) of the fifth digit were measured along with maximal integrated electromyograms (EMG) of the hypothenar muscles from both hands before and after training. 3. Average abduction force of the left fifth digit increased 22% for the Imagining group and 30% for the Contraction group. The mean increase for the Control group was 3.7%. 4. The maximal abduction force of the right (untrained) fifth digit increased significantly in both the Imagining and Contraction groups after training (10 and 14%, respectively), but not in the Control group (2.3%). These results are consistent with previous studies of training effects on contralateral limbs. 5. The abduction twitch force evoked by supramaximal electrical stimulations of the ulnar nerve was unchanged in all three groups after training, consistent with an absence of muscle hypertrophy. The maximal force of the left great toe extensors for individual subjects remained unchanged after training, which argues against strength increases due to general increases in effort level. 6. Increases in abduction and flexion forces of the fifth digit were poorly correlated in subjects of both training groups. The fifth finger abduction force and the hypothenar integrated EMG increases were not well correlated in these subjects either. Together these results indicate that training-induced changes of synergist and antagonist muscle activation patterns may have contributed to force increases in some of the subjects. 7. Strength increases can be achieved without repeated muscle activation. These force gains appear to result from practice effects on central motor programming/planning. The results of these experiments add to existing evidence for the neural origin of strength increases that occur before muscle hypertrophy.
Can Mental Practice Increase Ankle Dorsiflexor Torque?
Ben Sidaway and Amy (Robinson) Trzaska
Background and Purpose. Mental practice has been shown to be effective in increasing the force production of the abductor digiti minimi muscle in the hand. The aim of this study was to determine whether mental practice could produce strength gains in the larger ankle dorsiflexor muscles, which are important during walking. Subjects. Twenty-four subjects were randomly assigned to a physical practice group, a mental practice group, or a control group (8 subjects per group). Methods. In the practice groups, subjects either physically or mentally practiced producing maximal isometric contractions for 3 sets of 10 repetitions, 3 times per week for 4 weeks. Changes in mean peak isometric torque normalized to body weight and the resulting percentage of improvement were analyzed across the 3 groups. Results. Differences in raw torque production after training in the 2 practice groups resulted in significant percentages of improvement for the physical practice group (25.28%) and the mental practice group (17.13%), but not for the control group (–1.77%). The 2 practice groups were not statistically different in their maximal torque-generating capacity after training. Discussion and Conclusion. These findings show that mental practice in people without impairments can lead to an increase in torque production similar to that produced by physical practice. Such a technique may prove to be a useful adjunct to traditional treatment options aimed at increasing muscle strength.
THis is definitely what I'm most interested at the present moment; I actually perform mental training on all non-training days, for around 10 minutes minimum, and I've thought of more unique exercises to perform, but haven't seen significant strength gains or anything. THe only time I noticed a different was when I did a lot of trampoline trianing in my head, a lot of overspeed training using springboards, trampolines, other bouncy platforms, and my SVJ became a lot faster with minimal ROM.
What I'd like to see is these studies performed on trained athletes who have already learned to recruit 90%+ of their muscle fibers. In untrained ppl it makes sense to see these gains, but I wonder if it's possible to see gains in MUSCLE through mental training. What if we could trick the body into building more muscle by thinking about it. That would be really cool.
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THis is definitely what I'm most interested at the present moment; I actually perform mental training on all non-training days, for around 10 minutes minimum, and I've thought of more unique exercises to perform, but haven't seen significant strength gains or anything. THe only time I noticed a different was when I did a lot of trampoline trianing in my head, a lot of overspeed training using springboards, trampolines, other bouncy platforms, and my SVJ became a lot faster with minimal ROM.
you're saying you did actual training on trampolines/etc, or mental training?
What I'd like to see is these studies performed on trained athletes who have already learned to recruit 90%+ of their muscle fibers. In untrained ppl it makes sense to see these gains, but I wonder if it's possible to see gains in MUSCLE through mental training. What if we could trick the body into building more muscle by thinking about it. That would be really cool.
i'd like to see more studies like that also.. the only way you're going to "gain muscle" using mental training is by achieving gains in strength/motor programming, then applying it to the track/weight room etc. i mean, i can't see it happening any other way, if it were possible that would be some very weird shit.. hehe.
pc
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Yeah I did mental training involving trampolines and springboards for four straight weeks and noticed a quicker SVJ. It was like a 1/8th squat, used to be slower.
But yeah I'm wodnering if mentally training can help recovery of muscles since you are bringing blood to the muscles just by thinking about contracting them. And maybe that increases protein synthesis in the muscles? That would be weird but awesome